PNG’S BUDGET DEFICIT BLOW-OUT OF K628 MILLION
This
is the third and final posting on PNG’s 2016 IMF Article IV report.
The two previous posts have focused on PNG’s growth rate being much
lower than claimed by the O’Neill government and PNG’s weak external
position. The focus of this blog is on fiscal and monetary policy.
The
IMF report estimates the 2016 budget deficit will be K628 million
greater than estimated by the government (so reaching 4.4% of GDP), and
this feeds into greater debt levels.
Government debt at the
end of 2016 is estimated to be K967.3 million greater than stated by the
government (and this does not include build-ups in off-budget debt such
as the K3 billion in borrowings for Oil Search shares).
While
commending the government for its actions in the 2016 Supplementary
Budget and “prudent” 2017 budget, there are concerns about where
expenditure cuts have been made, the lack of effort on raising revenues
(in particular from the resource sector), and the need to improve public
financial management.
The IMF appears not to have been fully
informed of the central banks printing of money through back-stopping
government auctions.
Overall, I can understand why the
government tried to suppress this report by an independent umpire. The
IMF provides a few positive comments on high level fiscal policy, but
overall, it is a pretty damning report about the O’Neill government’s
economic mismanagement.
Details
FISCAL POLICY
The
IMF report estimates the 2016 budget deficit will be K628 million
higher than claimed by the O’Neill government. The IMF estimates the
deficit will be K2,740m or 4.4% of GDP . This is significantly higher
than the government’s estimate of K2,112m or 3.1% of GDP. (Figures
from Table 2a and 2b of the IMF report relative to the figures in the
2017 budget Table 1).
The IMF estimates
government debt being nearly one billion Kina higher than that claimed
by the O’Neill government (IMF says K20,752 million and 33.5% of GDP;
O’Neill government 2017 budget estimates K19,784.7 million and 29.4% of
GDP). (Figures from Table 2a and 2b of the IMF report relative to the
figures in the 2017 budget Appendix 3 Table 12).
In
addition, there are unknown levels of off-budget debt. For example, the
estimated K3.1 billion in loans for the Oil Search shares is not shown
in these figures. Indeed, the IMF states when commenting on the
“comprehensiveness and transparency” of government accounts that “the
extent of unreported government operations appears to be large” (page
22).
On a positive note for the government, the
IMF considers that at a macro level the government has been pursuing a
“prudent” fiscal policy since late 2015 when it finally started to
adjust to the collapse in revenues. However, this of course avoids the
issue of the blow-out in budget deficits over 2013 and 2014 which
clearly were not sustainable. Put simply, the O’Neill government created
a huge fiscal mess in its early years and it had little option when its
gambling on commodity prices did not pay off.
Underneath
this high level fiscal policy, the IMF expresses concerns about the
pattern of expenditure cuts. In particular, the IMF suggests
expenditure cuts should be “concentrated in provincial district
government spending” – so the DSIP and PSIP. These areas of expenditure
are regarded as having the least contribution to growth and the weakest
governance processes. However, this would not suit sitting members of
parliament.
The IMF considers that “additional
revenue measures should be implemented to lessen the need for
expenditure cuts” as part of a comprehensive tax reform package
following the Sir Nagora Tax Review in 2015.
For
the 2016 budget, the IMF expresses diplomatically concerns about the
expected level of asset sales and dividends from State Owned
Enterprises. These were not considered likely. The Final Budget
Outcome (FBO) at the end of March 2017 should show the actual figures.
However, given what appear to be “convenient” manipulations of
statistics recently, I am not confident in the unbiased results of this
year’s FBO.
Looking ahead, the IMF is cautious
about rushing to a return to budget surplus given PNG’s pressing
development needs. In its usual diplomatic language, it states “The
pace of fiscal consolidation should be carefully calibrated to avoid a
sharp contraction, implying a more gradual adjustment than specified in
the MTFS” (Medium Term Fiscal Strategy).
I
would agree with this view – the expenditure cuts that have been imposed
on the people of PNG are greater than those imposed in Greece. Cuts of
close to 45% in real terms in areas such as health and education make a
mockery of claims that these critical areas have been protected from
government cutbacks. For example, the “free health” policy is costed at
only K20 million a year. Clearly, this is nowhere near the level that
would be required to actually deliver a “free health” service of any
quality in PNG. The cuts in the health budget in 2016/17 alone were over
fifteen times the size of this “free health policy”. There is a need
for a better balance of greater revenues (see below), a better and more
realistic medium-term fiscal strategy, and expenditure cuts focused in
administrative and political areas rather than in service delivery.
The
IMF also discusses the 2017 budget only having “broadly realistic
revenue projections” without specifying which budget assumptions may not
be realistic (the tax compliance revenue gains have not been delivered
in past years and are unlikely to be delivered in 2017).
The
IMF also indicates that “the tax arrangements for PNG’s mining and
petroleum sectors are very generous compared to other resource rich
countries and do not reflect the maturity of the PNG resource sector”.
Indeed, the IMF states “there is considerable scope for improving the
fiscal regime for extractive industries”.
The
backdowns in the January Parliamentary session over increasing the
returns to PNG from taxing log exports also reveals the power of the
forestry sector in PNG.
PNG landowners and the broader populace are missing out. There are clear areas where revenues could and should be increased.
MONETARY POLICY
On
monetary policy, the IMF appears to not have been informed about an
extremely worrying development in 2016 – the return of the central bank
to printing money (see here). On the basis of more recent figures from
the BPNG released after the IMF mission, it appears the IMF was not
informed of the extent of money financing of the deficit during 2016.
Specifically, the IMF report is based on BPNG’s net credit to the
central government being K1,713m in 2016 (Table 4 p32 of the IMF report)
when that figure has increased by 58% to K2,717m by the end of
September (latest BPNG quarterly data).
BPNG has returned to a position of backstopping all auctions for government bonds and essentially printing money.
If
the large 58 per cent increase had been known by the IMF, there would
have been much more discussion of the significant inflationary and other
risks of such an increase in central bank financing of the deficit.
However, even without these details, the IMF was concerned about “large money-financed fiscal deficits”.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall,
there are significant gaps between the stories of the O’Neill
government and the information provided by the IMF. These go to the
heart of whether the people can trust the government. Based purely on
the IMF report, an internationally recognised independent umpire on such
numbers, recent posts on the pngeconomics.org
website detail how the 2016 budget deficit is likely to be K628 million
bigger than the people have been told. Government debt is nearly a
billion Kina bigger – and that doesn’t include debt being hidden
off-budget. Economic growth is 12.7% lower than claimed. The economy is
K6.3 billion smaller. The government debt to GDP ratio at 33.5% exceeds
the legal limit. Expenditure cuts are too severe and being made in the
wrong places. More could be done to get a decent return to the people of
PNG from their resources. PNG’s external position is weak, with import
coverage only about one-third of the recommended levels despite the
foreign exchange restrictions.
It is
interesting that PNG’s major local papers have not covered the outcomes
of the IMF report on PNG but did so for the recent IMF report on
Australia. Something is wrong about reporting, and it also goes to the
heart of trust.
Overall, I can understand why
the government tried to suppress this report by an independent umpire.
The IMF provides a few positive comments on high level fiscal policy,
but overall, it is a pretty damning report about the O’Neill
government’s economic mismanagement.